As illustrated by PDX1 (Figure 1A), hAAT became detectable in 3 out of 5 mice shortly after HCC implantation and rose over time along with hAlb, while hAFP (not shown) remained undetectable. PDX that released multiple human markers in mouse serum typically did so with similar ratios as illustrated by PDX3 (Figure 1B). This evidence concerns the gene PDX1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.