REN and hypertensive disorder: However, until recently, there was no evidence for immune cell-induced hypertension or its modulation by vitamin D. The pioneer work by Oh and collaborators has demonstrated that increases in ER stress in response to vitamin D deficiency are sufficient to cause renin dependent hypertension through the secretion of micro-RNA 106b-5p that enables a direct communication between innate immune cells and juxtaglomerular cells (115).