PTPN11 and hepatocellular carcinoma: For example, the SUMOylation of exportin-5 at lysine-125 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cell lines (23); Shp2, a key regulation of Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, is SUMOylated at lysine-590, thus facilitating xenografted tumor growth (24); and suppressing of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase SUMOylation inhibits HCC xenografted tumor progression (25).