So far, only one study specific to NAFLD has harnessed rare protein-coding genetic variants from WES rather than genome- or exome- arrays (103), but additional large-scale studies of rare variants and their effects on NAFLD are beginning to emerge and find new signals such as MAST3 and IFI30 (104, 105). This evidence concerns the gene MAST3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.