DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: The same pathology occurs in the most commonly used animal model of DMD, the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse, where the long form of dystrophin is absent from the inner surface of the skeletal muscle sarcolemma (Bulfield et al., 1984; Coulton et al., 1988; Lefaucheur et al., 1995; Grounds et al., 2008; Ng et al., 2012).