Consistent with those study, our research shows that H2S can improve the Warburg effect and mitochondrial function by inhibiting PDK-4 expression, reducing mitochondrial ROS and oxidative stress, and it’s also by inhibiting p-PERK-p-eIF2-α-ATF4 -CHOP-Caspase12 axis to reduce the occurrence of ERS and atrial muscle cell apoptosis, thereby improving the progression of atrial fibrosis to AF. This evidence concerns the gene ATF4 and atrial fibrillation.