The expression of cytokines, including TNF-α, was downregulated in RAW-264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells; meanwhile, TNF-α and IL-1α mRNA expressions were also significantly suppressed in DSS-induced colitis mice by gliotoxin treatment for 8 days, thus leading to the alleviation of the symptom of colonic inflammation in mice [49]. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.