Keratinocyte responses to the infection of RHE by dermatophytes were assessed through measurements of mRNA expression and release in the culture medium of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα) and antimicrobial peptides (β-defensin-2 (BD2) and -3 (BD3) and cathelicidin LL-37) (Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure S11). Here, TNF is linked to infection.