FOXO3 and neuroblastoma: For each of these downstream signaling axes we identified a key component that could explain the increased aggressiveness of MYCN/ALK activated NB cells, i.e., (1) RAS/MAPK/ERK signaling activated the ETV5 transcription factor which controlled migration, invasion and colony formation in vitro and proliferation in a murine xenograft model ([130], p. 5) and (2) the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a regulated ‘HMG-box transcription factor 1′ (HBP1) which inhibits both the transcriptional activating and repressing activity of MYCN.