TNF and migraine disorder: The IFN-1β migraine-promoting effect may be related to the imbalance between decreased TNF-α and IFN-γ (e.g., CD3-mediated type 1 helper cell inflammatory cytokines) along with IL-4 and IL-10, and increased IL-6 production, a well-known inducer of acute-phase protein expression (e.g., T-cell-activating inflammatory cytokines via IL-2 induced proliferation and differentiation of CD4 + T cells).