Tumor biomarkers that were studied included specific mutations (BRAF, NRAS, cKIT), differential expressed genes included in a gene expression profiling (GEP) score, TMB or neoantigen load (NAL), various T-cell regulation subsets (memory T-cells, regulatory T-cells, TILs), and other immune factors such as perforin or granzyme A or B. Immunohistochemical detected PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was widely studied in a total of 2416 patients. The gene discussed is NRAS; the disease is neoplasm.