TNF and neoplasm: TAMs are generally associated with a poor prognosis due to their ability to promote tumor angiogenesis via the secretion of multiple factors, such as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), and (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8) CXCL8, [16], in addition to migration and metastatic spreading through the release of matrix metalloproteinases and chemokines [17], and immunosuppression [18].