In particular, we have to clearly define the entry criteria, such as size and number or the total tumour volume of HCC, biological, pathological, and molecular markers, endpoint criteria of successful downstaging such as radiological (degree of necrosis, decrease in size) and biological (AFP) endpoints, and the definite time between downstaging and listing for transplant (Table 1 and Table 2). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is neoplasm.