Furthermore, in 2018, our group demonstrated, in 5637 bladder cancer cell lines, the role of RalGPS2 (Ral GEF with PH domain and SH3-binding motif 2), a Ras-independent guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the GTPase RalA, in TNTs formation under low serum condition [40]. This evidence concerns the gene RALGPS2 and urinary bladder cancer.