RNF43 and neoplasm: Two phase II clinical trials, using autologous tumor lysate DC vs. best supportive care in patients with pretreated CRC [27] and a peptide vaccine based on the combination of five peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (RNF43, TOMM34, KOC1, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2) with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in the frontline setting [28]; respectively, demonstrated the generation of a tumor-specific immune response but failed to demonstrate clinical benefit.