Vaccination with a TLR-9 agonist (ODN1585, a CpG oligonucleotide) enhances hepatic IL-22-producing CD3-NK1.1+ cell expansion, thus prolonging the survival of pancreatic islet allograft in the liver parenchyma of T1D mice and increasing insulin secretion [88]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.