However, TNF exerts many of its actions through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) which upregulates downstream pro-inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, AP-1, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in tumour survival, angiogenesis, and migration [67,69]. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.