Consistent with Figure 5, the most severe COPD-E cases were in the Wanhua, Banqiao, Zhonghe, and Yonghe Districts, located below longitude 121.496° latitude 24.996°, with %LAA-950insp ≥ 10 (i.e., ≥ 1.3 on a statistical scale of 1–3) (Figure 6B), ambient PM2.5 > 24.0 mg/m3 (Figure 6C), and SO2 > 3.5 ppb (Figure 6D), coupled with endogenous lnc-IL7R levels < 0.8 (Figure 6E), and BMI < 25.0 kgm−2 (Figure 6F). Here, IL7R is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.