IL7R and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Consistent with earlier data, using a supervised machine learning algorithm, artificial neural network (ANN) modelling based on the hyperbolic tangent activation (TanH) model with random holdback validation showed that ambient air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, THC, O3), epigenetic (lnc-IL7R), anthropometric (Age, BMI), lifestyle (smoking history, pack-year), and geospatial components (longitude and latitude of participants’ residential addresses) all contribute differentially to emphysema (COPD-E) severity (%LAA-950insp) (Figure 2A,B).