In another study, penfluridol suppressed GBM cell in vitro proliferation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, thus attenuating the expression of Akt-associated GLI-1, a highly expressed transcription factor in GBM cells, partly responsible for GBM’s treatment resistance as well as the expression of GLI1-mediated stem cells markers including OCT4, Nanog, and Sox2. The gene discussed is GLI1; the disease is glioblastoma.