Lappas revealed that there were no differences in the placental expression and secretion of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) and the regulators of angiogenesis (i.a., PIGF, VEGF, sFlt-1, and fibroblast growth factor 2 [FGF2]) in patients with GDM [134]. This evidence concerns the gene PIGF and gestational diabetes.