AKT1 and posterior cortical atrophy: Pathways involved in driving PCa proliferation involve the JAK-STAT (janus kinase; signal transducer and activator of transcription), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and PI3K-AKT-mTOR (phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Protein Kinase B; mammalian target of rapamycin) pathways.