CSF1 and cancer: We have reported previously that, under the influence of cancer-conditioned media mimicking the cancer microenvironment, DPMSCs secrete a variety of anti-proliferative molecules, including IL-6, CCL13, CCL24, CXCL16, CSF1, and IL-1RN [24], which may have suppressed the cellular viability by reducing the proliferative potential of MDA231 cells when treated with DPMSCs in IC and SF settings, as observed in Figure 1A(i),A(ii).