The idea to use GRP78-binding peptide motifs to attack GRP78 on the breast cancer cell surface has been suggested back in 2004: Arap et al. [218] have described two synthetic GRP78-binding peptides fused to the programmed cell death-inducing domain D(KLAKLAK)2, an amphipatic α helix-forming antimicrobial peptide that disrupts eukaryotic mitochondrial membranes upon receptor-mediated internalization. The gene discussed is HSPA5; the disease is breast carcinoma.