TGF-β1 in the tumor microenvironment secreted from tumor-associated macrophages (M2 subtype (M2-TAMs)) activates the SMAD2/3 pathway and influences the increase in the expression levels of SOX4 and SOX2, which results in elevation of the migration ability of the cells in vitro, by influencing the expression of genes associated with the EMT process in glioma progression [73]. Here, SMAD2 is linked to neoplasm.