The observation of upregulation of Annexin A1 in kidney injury models (e.g., AKI and cyclosporine- and adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity) has led to the determination of whether urinary level of Annexin A1 can serve as an index of glomerular injury in adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity or for a heterogeneous groups of patients manifesting minimal change disease (MCD) vs. those with other forms of kidney pathologies (i.e., IgA nephropathy, membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental sclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and crescentric glomerulonephritis) [44]. Here, ANXA1 is linked to membranous glomerulonephritis.