In addition, a majority of genes (C9orf72, PGRN, TARDBP, OPTN (optineurin), TBK1 (TANK Binding Kinase 1), SQSTM1/p62, and VCP (Valosin Containing Protein)) that cause genetic forms of ALS–FTSD with TDP-43 proteinopathy encode proteins involved in mitophagy/autophagy [151]. Here, GRN is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.