TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, the CSC-immune cell crosstalk along with CSC-secreted chemotactic factors and immunosuppressive cytokines, such as TGF-β, [143,154] advance the establishment of an immunosuppressive TME either by fostering tumor infiltration by a wide range of immunosuppressive immune cell subpopulations, including MDSCs, Tregs and TAMs, or/and by inhibiting the recruitment and activities of effector immune cells such as NK cells, CTLs and T cells (reviewed by Bayic and Lathia, 2021 [145] and Vahidian et al., 2019) [146]).