Consistently, an observational study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed that Pin1 expression levels and activity were increased in the peripheral blood monocytes of the subjects compared to those of age-matched healthy controls and correlated with glycemic markers (i.e., elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1C (hemoglobin A1C) levels) [30]. This evidence concerns the gene PIN1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.