Patients with both serum creatinine eGFR and combined creatinine- and cystatin C-based eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, had markedly elevated risks for death, coronary vascular disease, and end-stage renal disease endpoints compared to individuals with GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 [42]. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and stage 5 chronic kidney disease.