A previous study reported that elevated inflammatory responses by Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were observed in 24 female IC/BPS patients, and the degree of elevation was associated with changes in pain score and urinary symptoms [39]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.