TLR4 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1: Furthermore, a study by the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) research network demonstrated that higher inflammatory responses to TLR4 stimulation in PBMCs are significantly associated with a greater likelihood of endorsing widespread (bladder-beyond) pain, a higher number of comorbid conditions, and lower pain thresholds in patients with IC/BPS [42].