As for the comparison of these markers between IC/BPS with and without Hunner lesions, Zhang et al. reported that urinary APF activity and HB-EGF concentrations were significantly more altered in IC/BPS patients both with and without Hunner lesions than in those with bladder cancer and bacterial cystitis and healthy controls, although the two subtypes of IC/BPS were comparable. This evidence concerns the gene HBEGF and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.