TNF and cholesteryl ester measurement: In this respect, we recently found an altered endometrial expression of genes involved in inflammatory, cell proliferation, and apoptosis processes in women with CE (including vascular endothelial growth factors [A, B, C], epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, interferon-γ, transforming growth factor β-1, cell division control protein variant, cyclin D3, cyclin B1, BCL-2-associated X protein, BCL-2 associated X protein transcript variant alpha and interleukin-12), with a dominance of proliferative and anti-apoptotic activity [50].