The result of relative quantification (Figure 3A) showed that expression levels of p50, p65, p38, ERK1 and JNK were highly up-regulated in infection group compared with non-treated group (p < 0.01), which indicated NF-κB and MAPK pathways were activated after E. coli F17 stimulating OIECs. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and infection.