INS and brain ischemia: At our laboratories, we had published serial studies showing that through anti-inflammation strategies, either directly (e.g., by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α receptor (TNFR) antagonist) or indirectly (e.g., by propranolol), central neuronal injuries, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, as well as inflammation in the brain, liver, and skeletal muscles can be reduced after acute stroke in a cerebral ischemia rodent model [40,41,42,43].