TNF and Stroke: In stroke rats, it was shown that IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt phosphorylation were reduced along with increased IRS1 Serine-307 phosphorylation, Jak2 phosphorylation, Stat3 phosphorylation, SOCS3, TNFRI, IKK-α/β phosphorylation, JNK phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and protein expression in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the liver, and gastrocnemius muscles.