MIF and Autoimmunity: Finally, another case–control study found that the mean plasma levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were significantly elevated (47.3 ± 25 ng/mL vs. 17.8 ± 6 ng/mL) in NS cases compared to the healthy controls, which was hypothesized to play a role in the development and disease progression as a result of autoimmunity and neuroinflammation [45].