AR and neoplasm: The possible mechanisms leading to NED induction are followed: AR-targeted therapies, other therapies (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, genistein, ionizing radiation), various cells from tumour microenvironment (cancer-associated fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, bone marrow-derived cells), Ca2+ ion channels and Ca2+ ion homeostasis, or exosomes [1].