TNF and colitis: One of the previous in vivo studies from our research group revealed that dietary fucoidan extracts from Undaria pinnatifida and Fucus vesiculosus were highly effective in ameliorating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice through a consistent downregulation of a significant number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [14].