TNF and Hyperglycemia: Firstly, hyperglycemia is a well-known immunosuppressant, inhibiting the host immune response via several mechanisms, including glycosylation of complement proteins leading to impaired function, impaired binding of oligosaccharides by C-type leptin (a process necessary for several immune functions), impaired opsonophagocytosis, and decreased production of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) [47,50,51,52].