In addition to TXNIP and the Trx/TrxR redox system, other ROS generating systems (NADPH oxidase and Xanthene oxidase) and anti-oxidants (GSH, SOD1, and SOD2) may also be involved in dysregulation of the mitochondrial–lysosomal axis in diabetes and under glucolipotoxicity [38]. Here, TXNIP is linked to diabetes mellitus.