Diabetes induces TXNIP expression and redox stress in the retina, as demonstrated by enhanced staining of TXNIP and protein s-nitrosylation (SNO) when compared to non-diabetic control retinas (Figure 2A,B), indicating that TXNIP upregulation and an inhibition of the Trx/TrxR redox system may be involved in this process. Here, TXN is linked to diabetes mellitus.