MTOR and gestational diabetes: By analyzing placental samples from pregnant women with different phenotypes of fetal growth and using primary cytotrophoblast to test the effects of OGD and increasing glucose concentrations on the changes of phosphorylation of Akt, AMPK, TSC2, and mTOR in vitro, we demonstrated that Akt and AMPK are important regulators for trophoblast mTOR activity in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by FGR and GDM with LGA infants.