Some studies showed that there was a decrease in total and phosphorylated Akt levels, or an increase in Akt mRNA levels, but no differences in the p-Akt levels (32, 41), while we and others found increased p-Akt levels but no change in the total Akt level in the placentas of GDM women compared to those of women without GDM (42–44). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is gestational diabetes.