NFKB1 and rheumatoid arthritis: Wang et al. (2018b) reported that exosomes-delivered miR-548a-3p regulated inflammatory response via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in RA. Zheng et al. (2017) provided circRNA expression profiles and their corresponding microRNA binding sites of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with RA. As the major population of RNAs, ncRNAs tend to not encode proteins but can serve as modulators by regulating gene expression in cis or trans, promoting demethylation, and controlling mRNA processing (Beermann et al., 2016).