TNF and Sepsis: DG has been reported to effectively inhibit bacterial endotoxin–induced HMGB1 release in vitro and help mice defend against lethal endotoxemia and CLP-induced sepsis (Wang et al., 2006), and inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β and TNF-α, thereby protecting LPS-induced endotoxic shock in rabbits (Shao et al., 2011b).