TLR4 and acute kidney injury: DS has been reported to play a role in exhibiting significant anti-inflammatory activity to protect mice with LPS-induced septic shock by inhibiting the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (Gao et al., 2018) and significantly ameliorate LPS-challenged acute kidney injury, to inhibit dimethylbenzene-induced mouse ear edema, and reduce LPS-induced sepsis in mice though the TLR4-MyD88–mediated NF and κB/MAPK signaling cascades (Yuan et al., 2019).