TNF and ischemic stroke: For example, Shenfu injection has been proved to attenuate apoptosis and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via downregulating the ERK and MEK signaling pathways (Chen et al., 2020); refined Qingkailing injection has been proved to inhibit inflammatory response against ischemic stroke by activating the AKT/PI3K signaling pathway, decreasing chemokines Ccl2, Cxcl2, Cxcl3, and pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and IL-1b, and by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Ma et al., 2020).