SERPINB5 levels were upregulated in malignant cells by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which induces SERPINB5 expression in cancer cell lines by either a decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)-dependent pathway or by non-Smad signaling pathways via the intermediate signaling molecules MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK(Wongnoppavich et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.