These ligands activate TLR2 primarily by the TLR2-IRAK4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, which stimulates the transcription of various cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, to counteract infection (Mogensen, 2009). This evidence concerns the gene IRAK4 and infection.