Furthermore, pre-treatment of VCaP cells (an AR+FOXA1+ prostate cancer cell line model) with bortezomib (a proteasome inhibitor) or MLN4924 (a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor) hindered target protein degradation, indicating that AU-15330 requires the proteasome machinery and ubiquitination cascade for its action (Extended Data Fig. 2g). This evidence concerns the gene AR and prostate carcinoma.