ITGA4 and autoimmune disease: Improved efficacy (maximal reduction) was also observed in mice treated with 50 mg/kg Toc-HDO, especially Toc-HDO targeting Itga4. Since circulating lymphocytes and lymphocytes in other lymphoid tissues play a crucial role in autoimmune disease, inflammation, and cancer immunology56,57, our technology is a more therapeutically applicable approach not previously available by a conventional ASO.