SQSTM1 and ischemia: In models of hypoxic ischemic brain injury in newborn rats, hypoxic ischemia induced excessive autophagy fluxes leading to aggravated brain injury, including increased LC3-II expression, reduction of P62/SQSTM1 protein expression, and decreased cAMP-response element-binding protein (p-CREB). 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, significantly attenuated the increase in LC3-II and the loss of P62/SQSTM1 and p-CREB, ameliorated neuronal death, improved the results of the MWM test, and ultimately the spatial learning of memory function in rats [105].