Regarding cancer, increased risks were observed especially among individuals who had higher blood concentrations of NT-proBNP (breast, prostate, colorectum), HbA1C (lung, colorectum, breast), and CRP (lung, colorectum), whereas higher GDF-15 levels were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Here, GDF15 is linked to prostate carcinoma.