GDF15 and cancer: In light of the limited investigations on how these ageing-related biomarkers, alone or in combination may be associated with cancer risk, we conducted a prospective case-cohort study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Heidelberg cohort to assess the long-term associations between blood levels of GDF-15, NT-proBNP, HbA1C, CRP and Cystatin-C with the risk of the four most frequent forms of cancer (breast, prostate, colorectum, lung).