INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by loss of endocrine β cells within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas associated with autoimmunity.1 Transplantation of the vascularized whole pancreas or isolated islets can restore glycemic control in suitable recipients,2-4 although β-cell loss and failure to attain or maintain insulin independence are frequent occurrences following islet transplantation.5