This can be explained by increased vulnerability of the liver to injuries such as oxidative stress or cytokines, as reflected by higher BMI, AST, ALT, and HOMA-IR levels in individuals with a high NAFLD liver fat score (> − 0.640) compared with those with low NAFLD liver fat score (≤ − 0.640). The gene discussed is GPT; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.