Similar to late-stage AD, the investigators also noted an increase in TDP-43 pathology after Aβ (1-42) expressing lentiviral injections into the cortices of rats, as well as co-localization of intracellular Aβ with TDP-43, and association between phospho-TDP-43 and Aβ [122]. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and Alzheimer disease.